In trying to increase the jurisdiction of his courts, Henry clashed with his former friend and chancellor, Thomas becket. Martindale (1999), p. 140; Bachrach (1978), pp. 189–190; Barlow (1999), pp. HENRY VII (ENGLAND) (1457–1509; ruled 1485–1509), king of England. Ykenai Or Hikenai Concubine Of England was … [56] Henry successfully evaded Stephen's larger army along the River Avon, preventing Stephen from forcing a decisive battle. [81] Henry was also careful to show that, unlike his mother the Empress, he would listen to the advice and counsel of others. [237] Henry was then free to move against the rebel barons in Brittany, where feelings about his seizure of the duchy were still running high. [315] Having quelled the left-over rebels from the Great Revolt, Richard was recognised by Henry as the Duke of Aquitaine in 1179. Warren (2000), p. 79; Vincent (2007a), p. 2; Vincent (2007b), p. 312. [326] Henry was furious, and ordered John and Geoffrey to march south and retake the duchy by force. [205] Since travel by sea during the period was dangerous, he would also take full confession before setting sail and use auguries to determine the best time to travel. 572–532, cited Hallam and Everard, p. 221; White; Gillingham. [295] In an effort to reinvigorate the plan, Philip, the Count of Flanders, announced his intention to invade England and sent an advance force into East Anglia. Turner (2011), pp. [181] Nonetheless, he was prepared to take action to improve the existing procedures, intervening in cases which he felt had been mishandled, and creating legislation to improve both ecclesiastical and civil court processes. [204] After the death of Becket, he built and endowed various monasteries in France, primarily to improve his popular image. (1976). [365] Late-Victorian historians, with increasing access to the documentary records from the period, stressed Henry's contribution to the evolution of key English institutions, including the development of the law and the exchequer. [191] After the Assize of Clarendon in 1166, royal justice was extended into new areas through the use of new forms of assizes, in particular novel disseisin, mort d'ancestor and dower unde nichil habet, which dealt with the wrongful dispossession of land, inheritance rights and the rights of widows respectively. [14], Henry returned to England in 1147, when he was fourteen. [185], In 1163 Henry returned to England, intent on reforming the role of the royal courts. Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Henry V du SAINT-EMPIRE Family with spouse Geoffroy V d'ANJOU Henry II d'ANGLETERRE Geoffroy VI d'ANJOU Guillaume PLANTAGENÊT Look up words and phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations. [298] Word then reached Henry that King William had been defeated and captured by local forces at Alnwick, crushing the rebel cause in the north. [137] Indeed, royal patronage within the Church provided an effective route to advancement under Henry and most of his preferred clerics eventually became bishops and archbishops. 121–122. [201] During the disputed papal election of 1159, Henry, like Louis, supported Alexander III over his rival Victor IV. Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. [351] They met at Ballan, where Henry, only just able to remain seated on his horse, agreed to a complete surrender: he would do homage to Philip; he would give up Alys to a guardian and she would marry Richard at the end of the coming crusade; he would recognise Richard as his heir; he would pay Philip compensation, and key castles would be given to Philip as a guarantee. Henry never formally became Duke of Brittany as he was only holding the duchy on behalf of Geoffrey and Constance. [11] For about a year, Henry lived alongside Roger of Worcester, one of Robert's sons, and was instructed by a magister, Master Matthew; Robert's household was known for its education and learning. [231] In 1164 he intervened to seize lands along the border of Brittany and Normandy, and in 1166 invaded Brittany to punish the local barons. [369] The Anglocentric aspects of many histories of Henry were challenged from the 1980s onwards, with efforts made to bring together British and French historical analysis of the period. A younger Henry, also played by Peter O'Toole, appears in the play Becket by Jean Anouilh, filmed in 1964; once again, the character of the King is deliberately fictitious, driven by the need for drama between Henry and Becket in the play. [nb 9] In many parts of the country the fighting had caused serious devastation, although some other areas remained largely unaffected. [345] Henry remained silent and Richard then publicly changed sides at the conference and gave formal homage to Philip in front of the assembled nobles. [98] The marriage deal would have involved Louis granting the disputed territory of the Vexin to Margaret on her marriage to the Young Henry: while this would ultimately give Henry the lands that he claimed, it also cunningly implied that the Vexin was Louis's to give away in the first place, in itself a political concession. [39] Eleanor was the Duchess of Aquitaine, a land in the south of France, and was considered beautiful, lively and controversial, but had not borne Louis any sons. 89–102, cited Vincent (2007b), p. 287; Eyton (1878). [261] Louis seized on the case, and, despite efforts by the Norman church to prevent the French church from taking action, a new interdict was announced on Henry's possessions. [151] Henry's familiares were particularly important to the operation of his household and government, driving government initiatives and filling the gaps between the official structures and the King. His wife Constance died and he married Adèle, the sister of the Counts of Blois and Champagne. [297] Henry travelled to Becket's tomb in Canterbury, where he announced that the rebellion was a divine punishment on him, and took appropriate penance; this made a major difference in restoring his royal authority at a critical moment in the conflict. 158–159; Warren (2000), p. 42. [193][nb 24], Henry's relationship with the Church varied considerably across his lands and over time: as with other aspects of his rule, there was no attempt to form a common ecclesiastical policy. 124–125. [nb 21] He also had several illegitimate children; amongst the most prominent of these were Geoffrey (later Archbishop of York) and William (later Earl of Salisbury). [122], Henry controlled more of France than any ruler since the Carolingians; these lands, combined with his possessions in England, Wales, Scotland and much of Ireland, produced a vast domain often referred to by historians as the Angevin Empire. Chibnall, p. 167; Turner (2011), pp. His system was based on the circuit judge, the legal writ, and the jury. Henry was stubborn and bore grudges, while Becket was vain, ambitious and overly political: neither man was willing to back down. [62] By this point in the war, the barons on both sides were eager to avoid an open battle,[63] so members of the clergy brokered a truce, to the annoyance of both Henry and Stephen. 319, 333. 35–36, 38; Carpenter, p. 197. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Hallam and Everard, p. 159; Warren (2000), p. 42. EN. Kastovsky, p. 247; Vincent (2007b), p. 326. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also expressed concern over his private life and treatment of Becket. [188] The reforms continued and Henry created the General Eyre, probably in 1176, which involved dispatching a group of royal justices to visit all the counties in England over a given period of time, with authority to cover both civil and criminal cases. [359] Henry's intervention in Brittany, Wales and Scotland also had a significant long-term impact on the development of their societies and governmental systems. Français : Aliénor (ou Eleanor) d'Aquitaine, reine consort de Henry II Plantagenêt, roi d'Angleterre. [73] The royal court was gathered in April 1155, where the barons swore fealty to the King and his sons. Although Becket had not been popular while he was alive, in death he was declared a martyr by the local monks. Warren (2000), p. 563; Everard (2000), pp. j. boussard, Le Gouvernement d'Henri II Plantagenêt (Paris 1956). Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his son John (who succeeded Richard), but many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule had long-term consequences. 1183. [213] A new coin, called the Awbridge silver penny, was issued in 1153 in an attempt to stabilise the English currency after the war. [337] He also reopened the question of the Vexin which had formed part of Marguerite's dowry several years before; Henry still occupied the region and now Philip insisted that Henry either complete the long agreed Richard-Alys marriage, or return Margaret's dowry. [255] Henry harassed Becket's associates in England, and Becket excommunicated religious and secular officials who sided with the King. [207], Henry restored many of the old financial institutions of his grandfather Henry I and undertook further, long-lasting reforms of the way that the English currency was managed; one result was a long-term increase in the supply of money within the economy, leading to a growth both in trade and inflation. [236] Henry responded by attacking Chaumont-sur-Epte, where Louis kept his main military arsenal, burning the town to the ground and forcing Louis to abandon his allies and make a private truce. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. However, the date of retrieval is often important. 1835 (see en:Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images/2009 January 5#File:Illus-050-1-.jpg here). She was born into a powerful ruling class of Normans, who traditionally owned extensive estates in both England and Normandy, and her first husband had been the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V.[5] After her father's death in 1135, Matilda hoped to claim the English throne, but instead her cousin Stephen of Blois was crowned king and recognised as the Duke of Normandy, resulting in civil war between their rival supporters. [200] Further south, the power of the dukes of Aquitaine over the local church was much less than in the north, and Henry's efforts to extend his influence over local appointments created tensions. [256] The pope supported Becket's case in principle but needed Henry's support in dealing with Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, so he repeatedly sought a negotiated solution; the Norman church also intervened to try to assist Henry in finding a solution. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. [352] Philip and Richard were making good progress, not least because it was now obvious that Henry was dying and that Richard would be the next king, and the pair offered negotiations. [248], Henry and Becket quickly disagreed over several issues, including Becket's attempts to regain control of lands belonging to the archbishopric and his views on Henry's taxation policies. D.N.B. Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" in regards to Henry II and his sons. This required the acquiescence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, traditionally the churchman with the right to conduct the ceremony. [117], Henry was not an especially pious king by medieval standards. The Great Revolt was only defeated by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. 279–281; Bates (1998), pp. New Catholic Encyclopedia. [329], Henry's relationship with his two surviving heirs was fraught. Recueil des actes de Henri II: Roi D’Angleterre et Duc de Normandie, 1182. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. [176][nb 23], In the aftermath of the disorders of Stephen's reign in England there were many legal cases concerning land to be resolved: many religious houses had lost land during the conflict, while in other cases owners and heirs had been dispossessed of their property by local barons, which in some cases had since been sold or given to new owners. Duggan (1965), p. 67, cited Alexander, p. 3. William II , Roi d'Angleterre was born in 1056, at birth place, to Guillaume de Normandie Roi d'Angleterre and Mathide de Normandie Roi d'Angleterre (born de Flandre). [208] Medieval rulers such as Henry enjoyed various sources of income during the 12th century. [40] Louis had the marriage annulled and Henry married Eleanor eight weeks later on 18 May. [259] The Archbishop refused to be arrested inside the sanctuary of a church, so the knights hacked him to death on 29 December 1170. 298–299. Earlier historians believed that Henry was a particularly active literary patron; the historian John Gillingham has more recently challenged some of these interpretations of Henry and the arts in favour of Henry being a more modest patron. [251][nb 28], The argument between Henry and Becket became both increasingly personal and international in nature. [246] Geoffrey faced similar difficulties; Duke Conan of Brittany had died in 1171, but Geoffrey and Constance were still unmarried, leaving Geoffrey in limbo without his own lands. [142] By the 1180s this new class of royal administrators was predominant in England, supported by various illegitimate members of Henry's family. [293] As part of this plan, William of Scotland attacked the south of England, supported by the northern English rebels; additional Scottish forces were sent into the Midlands, where the rebel barons were making good progress. King (2010), pp. [310] Henry had some rights to western Berry, but in 1176 announced an extraordinary claim that he had agreed in 1169 to give Richard's fiancée Alys the whole province as part of the marriage settlement. [232] Henry then forced Conan to abdicate as duke and to give Brittany to his daughter Constance; Constance was handed over and betrothed to Henry's son Geoffrey. Henri II Plantagenêt: comte d'Anjou, roi d'Angleterre. [312] To put additional pressure on Louis, Henry mobilised his armies for war. Laws, statutes, etc; Delisle, Léopold, 1826-1910, ed; Berger, Elie, ed. [241] Alys (also spelled "Alice") came to England and later became the mistress of King Henry, which explains why she was not married to Richard as originally intended. [152], Henry tried to maintain a sophisticated household that combined hunting and drinking with cosmopolitan literary discussion and courtly values. Everard (2000), p. 35; Gillingham (1984), p. 23. [134] Henry also appears to have consulted with his court when making legislation; the extent to which he then took their views into account is unclear. They had one son: Peter Arch Lincoln. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. [293] The attack failed and the fighting paused while the winter weather set in. [9] Henry's later childhood, probably from the age of seven, was spent in Anjou, where he was educated by Peter of Saintes, a noted grammarian of the day. [114] Louis also betrothed daughters by Eleanor to Adèle's brothers Theobald V, Count of Blois, and Henry I, Count of Champagne. [223] A wholesale reform of the coinage occurred in 1180, with royal officials taking direct control of the mints and passing the profits directly to the treasury. Le Mans, March 5, 1133; d. Chinon, July 6, 1189. [325], With his eldest son dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made king of England, although without any actual power until the death of his father.